Table 2 Factors associated with early initiation of breastfeeding in Mauritania

Fixed-effect results

Birth order

First

1.00

1.00

Second

1.02 (0.75, 1.38)

1.01 (0.75, 1.38)

Third

1.46^* (1.08, 1.99)

1.48^* (1.09, 2.01)

Fourth

1.56^* (1.05, 2.31)

1.61^* (1.08, 2.39)

Fifth or more

1.41^* (1.08, 1.85)

1.42^* (1.08, 1.87)

Delivery by caesarean section

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

0.20^*** (0.12, 0.33)

0.22^*** (0.14, 0.36)

Maternal educational level

No education

1.00

1.00

Primary

0.85 (0.68, 1.07)

0.88 (0.69, 1.10)

Secondary or higher

0.77 (0.58, 1.03)

0.85 (0.63, 1.14)

Current working status

Not working

1.00

1.00

Working

0.59^*** (0.46, 0.75)

0.57^*** (0.45, 0.73)

Antenatal care visits

None

1.00

1.00

1–3

0.80 (0.58, 1.11)

0.79 (0.57, 1.09)

4 or more

0.70^* (0.50, 0.98)

0.67^* (0.47, 0.94)

Place of delivery

Home

1.00

1.00

Health facility

0.97 (0.74, 1.27)

1.03 (0.78, 1.36)

Skin-to-skin contact

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

1.43^** (1.13, 1.82)

1.46^** (1.14, 1.87)

Exposed to reading newspaper or magazine

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

1.09 (0.83, 1.44)

1.11 (0.85, 1.46)

Exposed to watching television

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

0.90 (0.72, 1.14)

0.98 (0.76, 1.27)

Use internet

No

1.00

1.00

Yes

0.82 (0.64, 1.04)

0.90 (0.71, 1.15)

Wealth index

Poorest

1.00

1.00

Poorer

0.96 (0.70, 1.32)

0.95 (0.69, 1.31)

Middle

0.73 (0.53, 1.01)

0.77 (0.55, 1.09)

Richer

0.71 (0.48, 1.06)

0.85 (0.56, 1.29)

Richest

0.47^** (0.30, 0.75)

0.61^* (0.38, 0.98)

Place of residence

Urban

1.00

1.00

Rural

0.93 (0.69, 1.25)

0.89 (0.65, 1.22)

Region of residence

Hodh Echargui

1.00

1.00

Hodh Gharbi

2.74^*** (1.74, 4.32)

3.07^*** (1.95, 4.85)

Assaba

2.22^*** (1.42, 3.47)

2.36^*** (1.48, 3.77)

Gorgol

1.50^* (1.01, 2.22)

1.47 (0.98, 2.21)

Brakna

2.29^*** (1.52, 3.45)

2.18^*** (1.41, 3.38)

Trarza

1.61^* (1.01, 2.57)

1.47 (0.88, 2.46)

Adrar

2.05^* (1.11, 3.80)

1.91^* (1.01, 3.62)

Dakhlet Nouadhibou

2.59^** (1.42, 4.71)

2.61^** (1.39, 4.89)

Tagant

1.91^** (1.28, 2.87)

1.93^** (1.24, 2.99)

Guidimagha

5.07^*** (3.35, 7.67)

5.13^*** (3.36, 7.86)

Tiris zemour et Inchiri

1.46 (0.80, 2.68)

1.37 (0.72, 2.60)

Nouakchott Ouest

1.22 (0.61, 2.45)

1.28 (0.62, 2.62)

Nouakchott Nord

0.78 (0.39, 1.58)

0.88 (0.43, 1.83)

Nouakchott Sud

1.48 (0.80, 2.76)

1.24 (0.65, 2.34)

Random effect model

Primary sampling unit variance (95% CI)

0.793 (0.598, 1.051)

0.735 (0.549, 0.984)

0.490 (0.351, 0.684)

0.498 (0.352, 0.706)

Intra-class correlation coefficient

0.194

0.183

0.130

0.132

Wald chi-square

Reference

118.35 (< 0.001)

121.00 (< 0.001)

219.76 (< 0.001)

Model fitness

Log-likelihood

-2651.8245

-2541.1036

-2594.6596

-2498.1924

Akaike Information Criterion

5307.649

5116.207

5229.319

5066.385

N

4114

4114

4114

4114

Number of clusters

405

405

405

405